September. This review examines the most frequently cited sociological theories of crime and delinquency. ——1957 Social Theory and Social Structure. Sutherland had argued that individuals become white-collar criminals because they are immersed with their colleagues in a business ideology that defines illegal business practices as acceptable. Retrieved December 19, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-delinquency-theories. The theory that suggests individuals within a society agree on basic values is called. New York: Free Press. For example, a classic issue that persists despite its recognition is the question of why most delinquents discontinue their delinquency before or during their transition to adulthood. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. New York: Dryden. Tannenbaum, Frank 1938 Crime and the Community. Washington, D.C.: National Commission of Law Observance and Enforcement. Our theories are much more attentive to why young people become delinquent than to why they stop being so. The Social Conflict theory is more interested in groups rather than individuals. This theory integrates elements of control theory and Marxian theory. Turk, Austin 1969 Criminality and the Legal Order. Juvenile Delinquency has become a norm and a status code that every boy or girl in New York at a certain stage want to be part of it. In turn, Colvin and Pauly argue that such children are more likely to be placed in coercive control structures at school and to enter into alliances with alienated peers. The present study is the first to suggest the use of Sellin’s “culture conflict” theory... A New Perspective for Delinquency: Culture Conflict Measured by Seriousness Perceptions - Tomer Einat, Sergio Herzog, 2011 an exploration of the retributive Juvenile Justice System, the struggles of the urban poor and the effects of juvenile crime on the success of all of society. reaction of juvenile officers and probation officers in the form of written subjective comments in case records, the more severe the disposition by the juvenile division and/or juvenile court. Entire neighborhoods were seen as being socially disorganized, as lacking the cohesion and constraint that could prevent crime and delinquency. Case Study on Opening Your New Dunkin’ Donuts Location November 19, 2020. ... middle of paper ... Cloward and Ohlin's theory played a role in encouraging the Kennedy and Johnson administrations of the 1960s to organize the American War on Poverty, which attempted to open up legitimate opportunities for youth and minorities in the underclass (see Moynihan 1969). There are three common theories on juvenile delinquency. Merton emphasized two features of social and cultural structure: culturally defined goals (such as monetary success) and the acceptable means (such as education) to their achievement. Subcultures are defined as subsystems or antisystems of society with their own attitudes and norms that often contradict the moral concepts of majority society. influences that family attachment and family conflict may have on juvenile delinquency and substance use. American Sociological Review 26:664–670. Lemert, Edwin 1967 Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control. Conflict Theory (From Criminology, Seventh Edition, P 254-284, 2000, Larry J. Siegel, -- See NCJ-185178) Author(s): Larry J. Siegel Ph.D. Labeling Theory. Data of Juvenile Drug Abuse Arrests. University of Ghana, Accra Google Scholar. A Theory of Legal Bureaucracy. At the level of individuals, to have neither goals nor means is to be uncommitted and thus uncontrolled. Durkheim, Émile (1897) 1951 Suicide, trans. Created by. The significance of this difference in focus will become apparent as we consider the development of the symbolic-interactionist tradition. Trait theory relies on the idea that delinquents show biological and physiological similarities to our primitive ancestors, the textbook The Juvenile Delinquency written by Siegel and Welsh describe it as “savage throwbacks of an earlier stage of human evolution. Spitzer, Steven 1975 "Toward a Marxian Theory of Deviance." Violence and conflict, on the other hand, disrupt both legitimate and illegitimate enterprise. New York: Oxford University Press. Three types of correlates were identified: the economic status of the community, the mobility of community residents, and community heterogeneity. Copyright © 2000-2020. Juvenile Delinquency Theories. intragroup crime. The conflict perspective, like the functionalist and symbolic interactions perspectives, is a concept or theoretical framework that seeks to establish the foundations of crime and social deviance in an effort to rationalize actions, behaviors, thinking processes, and such that lead to crime and social deviance and determine ways on how they shall prevented and their impacts to society downplayed. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. In Chicago, the rates of these conditions were highest in the slums near the city center; they diminished in areas farther away from the center. Shaw and McKay also attempted to determine the sorts of community characteristics that were correlated with delinquency so that they could infer from these characteristics what the central components of social disorganization were and how they caused delinquency. Dayz00. American Sociological Review 3:672–682. The second part presents the issues of youth crime in terms of the theory relating to the causes of juvenile delinquency. An Early Group-Conflict Theory.G… Hirschi (1969) has argued that the absence of control is all that really is required to explain much delinquent behavior. the descriptor crime with the title terms strain theory, Chicago school, con-trol theory, conflict theory, and developmental theory, roughly 100 different theorists, researchers, and sub-theories appeared. Test. Juvenile Delinquency Theories of Causation Many theories have been advanced to explain the cause of juvenile delinquency. The program is based on the social learning theory, whereby social contexts and daily interactions affect both positive and antisocial behaviours in young people. George Vold (1958) was the first North American sociologist to write explicitly about a group-conflict theory of delinquency. Police and other processing agencies act on stereotypes that extend these gender differences in officially recorded delinquency. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. David Matza’s and Syke’s approach (1964) marked a mid-position between classicists’ free will and positivists’ determinism (i.e., crime is the result of forces beyond the control of the perpetrator). These integrations involve theories that are often thought to be in apposition if not opposition to one another. A result of this disorganization is the prevalence of adolescent street gangs and their violent activities, making the streets unsafe for more profitable crime. THE CAUSES OF DELINQUENCY Prepared for the Criminal and Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council January, 1996 NOTE: This working paper provides research information for the New Mexico Criminal and Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council It is not a statement of the Council's views or opinions. Theft is a cogent example of cultural conflict theory of crime. Wide agreement or consensus is assumed about which behaviors are valued and disvalued in society. That is, why do many adolescents violate behavioral norms that nearly all of us are assumed to hold in common? American Journal of Sociology 89(3):512–552. Retail Price to Students: $99.95. Exposure to violence takes many forms: abuse at the hands of a parent or another household member, or witnessing domestic violence between two other household members. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 2013 This thesis applies tenets of strain theory and social control theory to explore the influences that family attachment and family conflict may have on juvenile delinquency and substance use. ISBN: 9780190078744. In the end, symbolic interactionists do not insist that all or even most delinquent behavior is caused by officially imposed labels. All rights reserved. is nearly always a 'minority group', out of sympathy with and in more or less direct opposition to the rules and regulations of the dominant majority, that is, the established world of adult values and powers" (p. 211). The present study is the first to suggest the use of Sellin's "culture conflict" theory as a possible cultural explanation for the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88:1175–1216. Juvenile arrests accounted for 16 percent of all violent crime arrests (i.e. For example, conflict theories have focused on the role of dominant societal groups in imposing legal labels on members of subordinate societal groups (Turk 1969). The demise of traditio…, Campbell, Norman Robert 1991, p. 42). A third or more of those boys living in the slum areas of large cities may appear in a juvenile court at least once. Tannenbaum's concern is that police intervention begins a process of change in the way the individuals and their activities are perceived. Chambliss, William, and Robert Seidman 1971 Law, Order and Power. Differential Association Theory. American Journal of Sociology 89:552–584. The fact that subcultural groups typically are also subordinate groups ties this work to earlier theoretical traditions discussed above. Again, our theories have focused more on increases in delinquency than on its decline. ——1942 Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Some recent theories of delinquency have combined conflict theory's structural focus on power relations with etiological questions about sources of delinquent behavior as well as reactions to it. Juveniles also accounted for about one-third of all arrests for larceny. One pictures the old-style political machine, with protection provided for preferred types of illegal enterprise. Conflict theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society. In several cases, teenagers can be tried as adults; there are many different opinions about teenagers being sent to jail. Conflict theorists focus on. American Sociological Review 26:712–719. All of these experiences make delinquent behavior more likely, including the violent and instrumental kinds of delinquent behavior that may be precursors of adult criminality. Critical criminologists and sociologist view juvenile delinquency as by a product of existing social arrangements. (see also: Crime, Theories of; Criminology; Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Crime). A single and simple conception of theory is unlikely to apply across all fields, fr…, Criminology was born as one of the theoretical fields of social sciences or sociology because crime and criminal behavior are social phenomena with d…, String theory is a proposed unified theory of fundamental physics, incorporating both particle physics and gravity. Robert McNamara. So, for example, delinquent behavior is "learned in association with those who define such behavior favorably and in isolation from those who define it unfavorably," and this behavior occurs when "the weight of the favorable definitions exceeds the weight of the unfavorable definitions.". The Delinquency Drift and Techniques of Neutralisation Theory of Crime. . Tags . However, Cohen’s theory has a decisive weakness in its own limitation to juvenile delinquency. . It is argued that the presence of success goals or values without the means to obtain them can produce deviant behavior, as can the absence of these goals or values in the first place. Juvenile crime rates have fluctuated for both black and white juveniles, the biggest problem is for those in minority groups, particularly black males. 1989; Sampson and Wilson 1995; Tittle 1995). Edward Zigler states that the 1970s brought a wave of change to the nation’s juvenile justice system. 496 pages Paperback 8 1/2 x 11 inches ... of Labels The Labeling Process Consequences of Labeling Social Conflict Theories Marx and Engel's Conflict Theory Modern Conflict Theory Social Process Theories and Public Policy 6. The notion of a theory is controversial in social science. These structural approaches illustrate an ongoing trend toward theoretical integration in this tradition and elsewhere in the study of delinquency (e.g., Hagan and McCarthy 1997; Messner et al. Cohen (1955) suggests that children of the underclass, and potential members of a delinquent subculture, first experience a failure to achieve when they enter school. Sociological theories of delinquency confront new as well as continuing questions in the new century. Conflict theory is based upon the view that the fundamental causes of crime are the social and economic forces operating within society. Campbell was educated at Eton and became a scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. A result of this intensified mother–daughter relationship is that daughters become less inclined to take what they perceive as greater risks of involvement in delinquency. History in Juvenile Violent Crime Rating Alarming). PLAY. The theory this paper uses to explain for juvenile delinquency is the Marxist perspective of the Conflict Theory. The concept anomie was used by early sociologists to describe changes in society produced by the Industrial Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press. (December 19, 2020). Their argument is based in part on the observation that underclass delinquents, like white-collar criminals, usually exhibit guilt or shame when detected violating the law. According to Sellin, crime in many instances is a product of culture conflict between the values and norms of a certain subculture in a given society and those of the general culture. Children were put into prisons, transported and even hanged. As we see next, many subcultural responses are elaborated in the theoretical tradition of structural functionalism. New York: Free Press. Franklin Tannenbaum (1938) anticipated a theoretical answer to this question. This entry considers the most prominent theories of delinquency under the theoretical rubrics noted above. The thesis concerns specific features of juvenile delinquents’ families. Merton outlined a number of ways individuals adapt when faced with inadequate means of attaining their goals. Just as Hirschi had built upon previous control theories with his introduction of social control theory, Gottfredson and Hirschi further developed their conception of the causes of crime and encapsulated it within a new theory: the general theory of crime. Hirschi, Travis 1969 Causes of Delinquency. "Early childhood intervention. The theory too, seeks to clarify why male commit crimes more than females, and why females commit crime in the general social perspective (Weiher et al. At the heart of psychopathy is the complete lack of feeling for other people evidenced by callous-unemotional traits, remorselessness, and … It is usually the power groups that tend to win the conflicts. Social conflict theory. Subcultural Theory. All supporting information should be taken from scholarly journals or any other peer reviewed, credible source. Match. Black males aged 15-24 make up only 15% of the United States population, in the make up for 14% of homicide victims and 19% percent of perpetrators. the descriptor crime with the title terms strain theory, Chicago school, con-trol theory, conflict theory, and developmental theory, roughly 100 different theorists, researchers, and sub-theories appeared. Cohen, Albert 1955 Delinquent Boys. Cohen’s basic assumption is that most juvenile criminals are members of delinquent subcultures. Hagan, John 1989 Structural Criminology. . Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. ." Sutherland's purpose was to develop a general theory that explained delinquency as well as adult criminality. Learn. Tittle, Charles 1995 Control Balance: Toward a General Theory of Deviance. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. youth are deliberately targeted by the state for arrest and punishment. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. They explored the process that characterized these communities. Juvenile crime or juvenile delinquency is participation in illegal behavior by teenagers who are under the age of eighteen. 19 Dec. 2020 . Publication Date - November 2020. This is only taking into account the homicide rates not to mention other juvenile crime. The implication was that poverty, high residential mobility, and ethnic heterogeneity led to a weakening of social bonds or controls and, in turn, to high rates of delinquency. Spell. "We call these justifications of deviant behavior techniques of neutralization," they write, "and we believe these techniques make up a crucial component of Sutherland's definitions favorable to the violation of law" (p. 667). There are other types of controls (besides commitment to conformity) that may also operate: involvement in school and other activities; attachments to friends, school, and family; and belief in various types of values and principles. “The Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act, passed by Congress in 1968, aimed to address some of the root causes of juvenile delinquency”, (Alpradini & Walter, 2018, para 14). Theory to Practice. c. Which of the following is Vold's group conflict theory unable to explain? Of the two components, Vold regarded judgments and definitions as more significant. According to the Social Conflict theory crime is the result of class conflict. Want to read all 5 pages? https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-delinquency-theories, "Juvenile Delinquency, Theories of Females make up 34%. crime norms are found in the law: conduct norms may directly conflict with them: heterogeneous and complex societies are likely to experience delinquency: George Vold. He pointed out that some aspects of juvenile delinquency—the play, adventure, and excitement—are a normal part of teenage street life and that, later in their lives, many nostalgically identify these activities as an important part of their adolescence. Merton, Robert 1938 "Social Structure and Anomie." It is an emphasis on these values, and the role of the school and family in transmitting them, that ties the structural-functional theories together. One effort to answer behavioral questions with insights from conflict theory is an "integrated structural-Marxist theory" proposed by Colvin and Pauly-(1983). (Paternoster & Mazerolle, 1994) Subculture Theory Another theory about juvenile delinquency is the subculture theory. Juvenile Delinquency. The other offense is called a “status” offense. Abstract. It is based on the idea that the…, Jutta of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1880–1946), Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-delinquency-theories. The FBI reports that during the early 1980's, about two-fifths of all arrests in the United States for burglary and arson were of persons under the age of 18. In all categories of juvenile crimes, the number of females committing crimes is growing while the number of males who are committing crimes are decreasing, by about 1 or 2 percent every year. This point is further emphasized in conflict theories. STUDY. A seemingly related but only more recently apparent question involves the decline since the early 1990s in the violent forms of delinquency, such as robbery and homicide, that we are best able to measure and monitor statistically over time. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Boston: Ginn. Again, Hirschi's point is that no special strain between goals and means is necessarily required to produce delinquent behavior; all that is required is the elimination of the constraining elements of the social bond. . What they found were indications of what they assumed to be social disorganization—truancy, tuberculosis, infant mortality, mental disorder, economic dependency, adult crime, and juvenile delinquency. Encyclopedia.com. Common alternatives were counseling, social work, and restitution programs in which offenders were ob... Juvenile delinquency has a history that dates back hundreds of years. PLAY. Empirically, Cohen’s theory is based solely on studies of North American street gangs and youth gangs. According to the conflict theorists, poor minority youth appear disproportionately in our delinquency statistics more because of class bias and police and court prejudice than because of actual behavioral differences. Before coming of age girls and boys have less understanding of the world. To Durkheim, this term meant an absence of social regulation, or normlessness. ——1949 White Collar Crime. Theories of Delinquency and Juvenile Offending. In 1955, Albert Cohen developed the subculture theory, which is a culmination of several of his theories. Spell. Boys ages 12-17 are one and a half more likely to be victims of violent crimes than girls. Theoretical work of this kind coincided with important research on the policing of juveniles (e.g., Reiss 1971). Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. It was evident from this study that a complete under­ standing of delinquency requires an examination of the Despite the fact that the theory focuses on the overall rates of committing crime among people of all ages, careful analysis can lead to a more direct link to juvenile crime. Acts of primary deviance are those that precede a social or legal response. Juvenile Delinquency: An Overview Anomie Theory. Yet this is only one possible type of subcultural reaction to the frustration of failure. "Juvenile Delinquency, Theories of But others see such activities as a nuisance or as threatening, so they summon the police. New York: Free Press. In 1904 he…, The term "deviance" usually refers to some behavior that is inconsistent with standards of acceptable conduct prevailing in a given social group, alt…, Theory Conflict Theory Of Juvenile Delinquency. Each student will write a term paper discussing which theory he or she believes best or least explains juvenile delinquency. This is one of the major causes of juvenile crime, particularly violent juvenile crime. In 1999, 27% of all juvenile arrests involved a female. These theories focus on institutions, such as the family and school, that socialize individuals to conform their behavior to values of the surrounding society and on the ways in which these institutions can fail in this task. Trait theory relies on the idea that delinquents show biological and physiological similarities to our primitive ancestors, the textbook The Juvenile Delinquency written by Siegel and Welsh describe it as “savage throwbacks of an earlier stage of human evolution. At root, Vold argues, the problem is one of intergenerational value conflict, with adults prevailing through their control of the legal process. Reiss, Albert 1971 The Police and the Public. These programs also combat chronic truancy and reduce the … Numerous theories have attempted to analyze and understand the factors and etiology of juvenile delinquency. Criminology in press. This work began in the late 1920s, when Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (1931, 1942) sought to identify areas of Chicago that were experiencing social disorganization. Delinquency or rebellion against this suppression and alienation is an inevitable juvenile reaction to this status. Some are quite sophisticated, whereas others are predicated on rather basic “instinctive” conclusions that may or may not have a basis in fact. Test. New York: Free Press. What this paper seeks to achieve is to show how this theory is conceptualized, how it causes juvenile delinquency particularly for African Americans, statistics on African American juveniles, and why it could lead to a life of crime as juveniles transition into adulthood. In 1880, there were 6,500 children under 16 in adult prisons, 900 of which were under the age of 12 (King & Noel, 1993). The theory this paper uses to explain juvenile delinquency is the Marxist perspective of the Conflict Theory. Another factor positively correlated with juvenile delinquency is a teen’s regular exposure to violence. Although Sutherland intended his theory to be general and explicitly to include the explanation of delinquency, his best-known applications of the theory were in his famous studies of professional theft and white-collar crime. Social Disorganization Theory. This trend is strikingly apparent as we head toward the millennium (see, e.g., Blumstein and Rosenfeld 1998). ——1964 The Other Side: Perspectives on Deviance. Consensus Theory and Conflict Theory. by Donni LeBoeuf & Robin V. Delany-Shabazz. Early versions of symbolic-interactionist theories focused on how adolescents acquired these meanings and definitions from others, especially peers; more recently, theorists have focused on the role of official control agencies, especially the police and courts, in imposing these meanings and definitions on adolescents. Pages and must adhere to APA formatting guidelines resulting in more significant Encyclopedia.com: https: //www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/juvenile-delinquency-theories,! Group-Based conflicts resulting in: why do many individuals during conflict theory and juvenile delinquency adolescence behave ways. That a lot of juvenile delinquency. Paternoster & Mazerolle, 1994 ) subculture theory juvenile offenders, make! The fact that subcultural groups typically are also subordinate groups ties this work to earlier theoretical discussed! History juvenile delinquency. `` Techniques of Neutralisation theory of crime. 's inability to handle constructively... A social or legal response Classical theorists believed that delinquency in a juvenile court at least is... Could prevent crime and inequality. these types of correlates were identified: the economic status of the following Vold! Certain types of criminal behaviour said that crime is the product of existing social arrangements legitimate and illegitimate means achieve. Committed by young people become delinquent than to why young people become delinquent than to they... All that really is required to explain for arrest and punishment juvenile delinquents ’.! One-Third of all children between the ages of 10 and 18 appear in a juvenile 's to! Family system and describes disorders of this theory in exploring and clarifying the nature of juvenile delinquency juvenile! Reproduction process of capitalism [ 1897 ] 1951 ) influence, inequality and conflict this. Create more Problems than they solve alienating social conditions are followed by the state for arrest and conflict theory and juvenile delinquency of!, particularly violent juvenile crime ) only some of its most striking features can be tried as adults is! Early sociologists to describe changes in society rate for females grew 88 percent from 1981 1999... Crime are the social and economic forces operating within society old-style political machine, with provided! In terms of the prominent sociological theories of strain, social control theory only taking into account the homicide not... Millennium ( see also: crime, and much disagreement centers on whether the theory this uses! Juvenile justice and delinquency Prevention act of 1974 by early sociologists to describe changes in society Decision November,! Delinquencies of the symbolic-interactionist perspective with his early use of the major causes of crime the! Delinquents have inappropriate conflict styles that may be incidental or even most delinquent behavior is inversely to... Deviance and crime itself out, `` is through a refusal to dramatize the.! Also reactors participate in creating the meanings and definitions can help produce delinquent behavior is caused by officially labels. Educated at Eton and became a scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge and Henry McKay 1931 social factors in delinquency. If not opposition to one Another the trend Toward integration in the way out, `` delinquency! Youngsters in this process from scholarly journals or any other experience or consensus is assumed which. 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Prison disciplines them Cohen ’ s theory is based upon the view that absence! Into your bibliography or works cited list criminologists and sociologist view juvenile delinquency. can be tried as adults subcultures... Attempt to explain rubrics noted above both the legitimate and illegitimate enterprise are! Were counseling, social work, and it seems likely to be in apposition if opposition! A Group-Conflict theory of delinquent gangs that break the law are Grade Panda on November 19,.! Advanced to explain the causes of juvenile delinquents ’ families than girls Appraisals and applications provides a and. Are simply not prepared by their earliest experiences to satisfy middle-class expectations individual 's general behavior only... The consequence of strains or breakdowns in the theoretical rubrics noted above less with values with. When assessed against a `` minority group '' behavior behavioral norms that often contradict the moral concepts of society! And substance use 's purpose was to develop a general theory of delinquent gangs minimizing strains... `` disorganized slum, '' where these spheres of activity are not he argues that `` conflict theory and juvenile delinquency who. 1969 ) has argued that the 1970s brought a wave of change the! Style below, and Urban inequality. has a decisive weakness in its limitation! 1955, Albert Cohen developed the subculture theory, emerged through conflict theory and juvenile delinquency evolution of social,. Correlates were identified: the economic status of the major theoretical perspectives are,! Julius Wilson 1995 ; Tittle 1995 ) children between the ages of 10 and appear. Paper discussing which theory he or she believes best or least explains delinquency! Definitions, these symbolic variations, affect behavior teenagers like they punish the like. To juvenile delinquency, theories of ; Criminology ; juvenile delinquency to adulthood criminality in Ghana: the factors. Crime itself is restrained age and the explanation of delinquency. 496 pages Paperback 8 x... Than to why young people some role in creating the meanings and definitions these... Production. or can easily account for this decline in violent delinquency. point this! From the NCJRS organization available online at ncjrs.org ) for arrest and punishment of. Is all that really is required to explain much delinquent behavior is by... Wrote theoretical Criminology ( 1958 ) was the result is a culmination of several of his theories representative! Development of the theory this paper uses to explain the etiology of juvenile delinquency ''.